Fincar

Fincar is a medication that contains the active ingredient finasteride. It is primarily prescribed for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a condition characterized by an enlarged prostate gland, as well as male pattern hair loss. Here is some information about Fincar:

FINCAR

Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Fincar (finasteride) is commonly used to treat the symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It works by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a hormone that contributes to the growth of the prostate gland. By reducing DHT levels, Fincar helps to shrink the prostate gland, relieving urinary symptoms such as frequent urination, difficulty starting or maintaining urination, and weak urine flow.

Treatment of Male Pattern Hair Loss

Fincar (finasteride) is also prescribed for the treatment of male pattern hair loss, a condition characterized by progressive hair thinning and receding hairline in men. It works by inhibiting the action of DHT on hair follicles, which helps to prevent further hair loss and stimulate hair regrowth in some individuals. Fincar is typically used for male pattern hair loss in a lower dosage compared to BPH treatment.

Dosage and Usage

The dosage of Fincar may vary depending on the condition being treated. For BPH, the usual recommended dose is 5 milligrams (mg) taken orally once daily. For male pattern hair loss, a lower dosage of 1 milligram (mg) is commonly prescribed. It is important to follow the instructions provided by a healthcare professional and the product labeling.

Fincar can be taken with or without food, but it should be taken consistently at the same time each day to ensure optimal effectiveness. It may take several months of regular use to see noticeable improvements in symptoms or hair growth.

Precautions and Potential Side Effects

Fincar is generally well-tolerated, but it may cause side effects in some individuals. Common side effects may include decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, decreased ejaculate volume, breast enlargement or tenderness, and skin rash. These side effects are usually mild and reversible upon discontinuation of the medication. If any severe or persistent side effects occur, it is important to seek medical attention.

It is important to note that Fincar should not be handled or taken by women, especially if pregnant or planning to become pregnant, as it may cause harm to a developing fetus.

Consultation with Healthcare Professional

Fincar is a prescription medication, and its use should be supervised by a healthcare professional. It is important to consult with a doctor or urologist for BPH treatment or a dermatologist for male pattern hair loss treatment. They can assess your specific condition, determine the appropriate dosage, and provide personalized advice and guidance regarding the use of Fincar.

WARNING: Please consult with a healthcare professional or doctor for personalized advice and guidance regarding the use of Fincar or any other medication for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia or male pattern hair loss. They will be able to provide specific instructions based on your medical history and individual needs.

References

  1. ^ “Propecia 1 mg Film-Coated Tablets – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)”(emc). 27 July 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  2. ^ “Proscar 5mg film-coated Tablets – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)”(emc). 10 July 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  3. Jump up to:a b c d e f “Proscar- finasteride tablet, film coated”DailyMed. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  4. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j “Propecia- finasteride tablet, film coated”DailyMed. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  5. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Lemke TL, Williams DA (2008). Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1286–. ISBN 978-0-7817-6879-5.
  6. Jump up to:a b c “Finasteride Monograph for Professionals”Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  7. Jump up to:a b Blume-Peytavi U, Whiting DA, Trüeb RM (26 June 2008). Hair Growth and Disorders. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 369. ISBN 978-3-540-46911-7.
  8. Jump up to:a b Knezevich EL, Viereck LK, Drincic AT (January 2012). “Medical management of adult transsexual persons”. Pharmacotherapy32 (1): 54–66. doi:10.1002/PHAR.1006PMID 22392828S2CID 12853220.
  9. ^ Ferri FF (2014). Ferri’s Clinical Advisor 2015 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 580. ISBN 9780323084307.
  10. ^ Samba Reddy D, Ramanathan G (September 2012). “Finasteride inhibits the disease-modifying activity of progesterone in the hippocampus kindling model of epileptogenesis”Epilepsy & Behavior25 (1): 92–7. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.05.024PMC 3444667PMID 22835430.
  11. Jump up to:a b c Tacklind J, Fink HA, Macdonald R, Rutks I, Wilt TJ (October 2010). “Finasteride for benign prostatic hyperplasia”The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews2015 (10): CD006015. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006015.pub3PMC 8908761PMID 20927745.
  12. Jump up to:a b Zakhem GA, Goldberg JE, Motosko CC, Cohen BE, Ho RS (July 2019). “Sexual dysfunction in men taking systemic dermatologic medication: A systematic review”. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology81 (1): 163–172. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.03.043PMID 30905792S2CID 85497115.
  13. Jump up to:a b c d Varothai S, Bergfeld WF (July 2014). “Androgenetic alopecia: an evidence-based treatment update”. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology15 (3): 217–30. doi:10.1007/s40257-014-0077-5PMID 24848508S2CID 31245042.
  14. Jump up to:a b c d Zakhem GA, Goldberg JE, Motosko CC, Cohen BE, Ho RS (July 2019). “Sexual dysfunction in men taking systemic dermatologic medication: A systematic review”. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology81 (1): 163–172. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.03.043PMID 30905792S2CID 85497115In studies addressing reversibility, most of these patients have resolution of sexual adverse effects after discontinuation of finasteride, and many have improvement of adverse effects over time with continued finasteride use. However, some studies describe a subset of patients with persistent adverse effects after discontinuation… Level 1 evidence evaluating sexual dysfunction as a primary outcome was available for finasteride.
  15. Jump up to:a b c Traish AM (January 2020). “Post-finasteride syndrome: a surmountable challenge for clinicians”Fertility and Sterility113 (1): 21–50. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.11.030PMID 32033719S2CID 211064052.
  16. ^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 483. ISBN 9783527607495.
  17. ^ Sataloff RT, Sclafani AP (30 November 2015). Sataloff’s Comprehensive Textbook of Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery: Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. JP Medical Ltd. pp. 400–. ISBN 978-93-5152-459-5.
  18. ^ “The Top 300 of 2020”ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  19. ^ “Finasteride – Drug Usage Statistics”ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  20. ^ Smith AB, Carson CC (June 2009). “Finasteride in the treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a review”Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management5 (3): 535–45. doi:10.2147/tcrm.s6195PMC 2710385PMID 19707263.
  21. ^ “Benign prostate enlargement”nhs.uk. 20 October 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  22. ^ Corona G, Tirabassi G, Santi D, Maseroli E, Gacci M, Dicuio M, et al. (July 2017). “Sexual dysfunction in subjects treated with inhibitors of 5α-reductase for benign prostatic hyperplasia: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis”. Andrology5 (4): 671–678. doi:10.1111/andr.12353hdl:11380/1132897PMID 28453908S2CID 3577324.
  23. ^ Kanti V, Messenger A, Dobos G, Reygagne P, Finner A, Blumeyer A, Trakatelli M, Tosti A, Del Marmol V, Piraccini BM, Nast A, Blume-Peytavi U (January 2018). “Evidence-based (S3) guideline for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women and in men – short version”Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology32 (1): 11–22. doi:10.1111/jdv.14624PMID 29178529.
  24. ^ Adil A, Godwin M (July 2017). “The effectiveness of treatments for androgenetic alopecia: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology77 (1): 136–141.e5. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.054PMID 28396101S2CID 46036459.
  25. ^ Habif TP (23 April 2015). Clinical Dermatology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 934–. ISBN 978-0-323-26607-9.
  26. ^ Yim E, Nole KL, Tosti A (December 2014). “5α-Reductase inhibitors in androgenetic alopecia”. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity21 (6): 493–8. doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000112PMID 25268732S2CID 30008068.
  27. ^ Gupta AK, Charrette A (April 2014). “The efficacy and safety of 5α-reductase inhibitors in androgenetic alopecia: a network meta-analysis and benefit-risk assessment of finasteride and dutasteride”. The Journal of Dermatological Treatment25 (2): 156–61. doi:10.3109/09546634.2013.813011PMID 23768246S2CID 24833568.
  28. ^ Levy LL, Emer JJ (August 2013). “Female pattern alopecia: current perspectives”International Journal of Women’s Health5: 541–56. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S49337PMC 3769411PMID 24039457.
  29. ^ Dhurat R, Sharma A, Rudnicka L, Kroumpouzos G, Kassir M, Galadari H, Wollina U, Lotti T, Golubovic M, Binic I, Grabbe S, Goldust M (May 2020). “5-Alpha reductase inhibitors in androgenetic alopecia: Shifting paradigms, current concepts, comparative efficacy, and safety”Dermatol Ther33 (3): e13379. doi:10.1111/dth.13379PMID 32279398S2CID 215748750.
  30. ^ Zhou Z, Song S, Gao Z, Wu J, Ma J, Cui Y (2019). “The efficacy and safety of dutasteride compared with finasteride in treating men with androgenetic alopecia: a systematic review and meta-analysis”Clin Interv Aging14: 399–406. doi:10.2147/CIA.S192435PMC 6388756PMID 30863034.
  31. ^ “Finasteride for Prostate Cancer Prevention”National Cancer Institute. 28 August 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  32. ^ Wilt TJ, Macdonald R, Hagerty K, Schellhammer P, Tacklind J, Somerfield MR, Kramer BS (2010). “5-α-Reductase inhibitors for prostate cancer chemoprevention: an updated Cochrane systematic review”BJU Int106 (10): 1444–51. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09714.xPMID 20977593S2CID 22178061.
  33. ^ Unger JM, Hershman DL, Till C, Tangen CM, Barlow WE, Ramsey SD, Goodman PJ, Thompson IM (March 2018). “Using Medicare Claims to Examine Long-term Prostate Cancer Risk of Finasteride in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial”Journal of the National Cancer Institute110 (11): 1208–1215. doi:10.1093/jnci/djy035PMC 6235685PMID 29534197.
  34. Jump up to:a b Hirshburg JM, Kelsey PA, Therrien CA, Gavino AC, Reichenberg JS (2016). “Adverse Effects and Safety of 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors (Finasteride, Dutasteride): A Systematic Review”J Clin Aesthet Dermatol9 (7): 56–62. PMC 5023004PMID 27672412.
  35. ^ Trüeb RM (June 2017). “Discriminating in favour of or against men with increased risk of finasteride-related side effects?”Experimental Dermatology26 (6): 527–528. doi:10.1111/exd.13155PMID 27489125S2CID 36236057[…] caution is recommended while prescribing oral finasteride to male-to-female transsexuals, as the drug has been associated with inducing depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation, symptoms that are particularly common in patients with gender dysphoria, who are already at a high risk.[9]
  36. ^ Patisaul HB, Belcher SM (18 May 2017). Receptor and Enzyme Mechanisms as Targets for Endocrine Disruptors. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 127. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199935734.003.0005ISBN 9780190678524.
  37. Jump up to:a b c “PROPECIA Prescribing Information” (PDF). US Food & Drug Administration / Merck & Co., Inc. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  38. Jump up to:a b “PROSCAR Prescribing Information” (PDF). US Food & Drug Administration / Merck & Co., Inc. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  39. ^ “Deferral of Blood and Plasma donors – Medications”FDA. 28 July 1993. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  40. ^ FDA. Posted 9 June 2011. 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs): Label Change – Increased Risk of Prostate Cancer
  41. ^ Walsh PC (April 2010). “Chemoprevention of prostate cancer”. The New England Journal of Medicine362 (13): 1237–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMe1001045PMID 20357287.
  42. ^ Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency Drug Safety Update. December 2009 Finasteride: potential risk of male breast cancer
  43. ^ Wang J, Zhao S, Luo L, Li E, Li X, Zhao Z (2018). “5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors and risk of male breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis”Int Braz J Urol44 (5): 865–873. doi:10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2017.0531PMC 6237523PMID 29697934.
  44. ^ Narula HS, Carlson HE (August 2014). “Gynaecomastia-pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment”Nat Rev Endocrinol10 (11): 684–698. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.139PMID 25112235S2CID 40159424.
  45. ^ Deepinder F, Braunstein GD (2012). “Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review”. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety11 (5): 779–795. doi:10.1517/14740338.2012.712109PMID 22862307S2CID 22938364.
  46. ^ Chung EY, Ruospo M, Natale P, Bolignano D, Navaneethan SD, Palmer SC, Strippoli GF (October 2020). “Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease”The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews2020 (10): CD007004. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007004.pub4PMC 8094274PMID 33107592.
  47. ^ Aiman U, Haseeen MA, Rahman SZ (December 2009). “Gynecomastia: An ADR due to drug interaction”Indian Journal of Pharmacology41 (6): 286–7. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.59929PMC 2846505PMID 20407562.
  48. Jump up to:a b Trost L, Saitz TR, Hellstrom WJ (2013). “Side Effects of 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review”. Sex Med Rev1 (1): 24–41. doi:10.1002/smrj.3PMID 27784557.
  49. ^ Locci A, Pinna G (2017). “Neurosteroid biosynthesis downregulation and changes in GABAA receptor subunit composition: A biomarker axis in stress-induced cognitive and emotional impairment”Br. J. Pharmacol174 (19): 3226–3241. doi:10.1111/bph.13843PMC 5595768PMID 28456011.
  50. ^ Lee S, Lee YB, Choe SJ, Lee WS (2019). “Adverse Sexual Effects of Treatment with Finasteride or Dutasteride for Male Androgenetic Alopecia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis”Acta Derm Venereol99 (1): 12–17. doi:10.2340/00015555-3035PMID 30206635.
  51. ^ Gur S, Kadowitz PJ, Hellstrom WJ (January 2013). “Effects of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors on erectile function, sexual desire and ejaculation”. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety12 (1): 81–90. doi:10.1517/14740338.2013.742885PMID 23173718S2CID 11624116.
  52. ^ FDA (11 April 2012). “Questions and Answers: Finasteride Label Changes”. US FDA. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  53. ^ Kiguradze T, Temps WH, Yarnold PR, Cashy J, Brannigan RE, Nardone B, et al. (9 March 2017). “Persistent erectile dysfunction in men exposed to the 5α-reductase inhibitors, finasteride, or dutasteride”PeerJ5: e3020. doi:10.7717/peerj.3020PMC 5346286PMID 28289563.
  54. ^ Healy D, Bahrick A, Bak M, Barbato A, Calabrò RS, Chubak BM, et al. “Diagnostic criteria for enduring sexual dysfunction after treatment with antidepressants, finasteride and isotretinoin”The International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine33 (1): 65–76. doi:10.3233/JRS-210023PMC 8925105PMID 34719438.
  55. ^ Diviccaro S, Melcangi RC, Giatti S (May 2020). “Post-finasteride syndrome: An emerging clinical problem”Neurobiology of Stress12: 100209. doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100209PMC 7231981PMID 32435662.
  56. ^ Traish AM (January 2020). “Post-finasteride syndrome: a surmountable challenge for clinicians”. Fertility and Sterility113 (1): 21–50. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.11.030PMID 32033719.
  57. ^ Margo J (26 September 2012). “Looking at care with a critical eye”Australian Financial Review. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012.
  58. Jump up to:a b Maksym RB, Kajdy A, Rabijewski M (December 2019). “Post-finasteride syndrome – does it really exist?”The Aging Male22 (4): 250–259. doi:10.1080/13685538.2018.1548589PMID 30651009S2CID 58569946.
  59. ^ Pompili M, Magistri C, Maddalena S, Mellini C, Persechino S, Baldessarini RJ (1 May 2021). “Risk of Depression Associated With Finasteride Treatment”. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology41 (3): 304–309. doi:10.1097/JCP.0000000000001379PMID 33814544S2CID 233028103.
  60. ^ Gray SL, Semla TP (August 2019). “Post-finasteride syndrome”. BMJ366: l5047. doi:10.1136/bmj.l5047PMID 31399423S2CID 199518161.
  61. ^ Trüeb RM, Régnier A, Dutra Rezende H, Gavazzoni Dias MF (August 2019). “Post-Finasteride Syndrome: An Induced Delusional Disorder with the Potential of a Mass Psychogenic Illness?”Skin Appendage Disorders5 (5): 320–326. doi:10.1159/000497362PMC 6751456PMID 31559258.
  62. ^ Gray SL, Semla TP (August 2019). “Post-finasteride syndrome”. BMJ366: l5047. doi:10.1136/bmj.l5047PMID 31399423S2CID 199518161.
  63. ^ Marchalik D (4 February 2017). “Watch for these potential side effects in drug Trump reportedly takes for hair loss”Miami Herald. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  64. Jump up to:a b “U.S. court let Merck hide secrets about popular drug’s risks”Reuters. Retrieved 25 March 2021. these legal briefs filed by plaintiffs’ lawyers allege that in revisions to the drug’s original 1997 label, Merck understated the number of men who experienced sexual symptoms in clinical trials, and how long those symptoms lasted.
  65. ^ Frye SV (2006). “Discovery and clinical development of dutasteride, a potent dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor”. Curr Top Med Chem6 (5): 405–21. doi:10.2174/156802606776743101PMID 16719800.
  66. Jump up to:a b c d e Sudduth SL, Koronkowski MJ (1993). “Finasteride: the first 5α-reductase inhibitor”. Pharmacotherapy13 (4): 309–25, discussion 325–9. doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1993.tb02739.xPMID 7689728S2CID 71103672.
  67. Jump up to:a b c Yamana K, Labrie F, Luu-The V (August 2010). “Human type 3 5α-reductase is expressed in peripheral tissues at higher levels than types 1 and 2 and its activity is potently inhibited by finasteride and dutasteride”. Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation2 (3): 293–9. doi:10.1515/hmbci.2010.035PMID 25961201S2CID 28841145.
  68. ^ Aggarwal S, Thareja S, Verma A, Bhardwaj TR, Kumar M (February 2010). “An overview on 5alpha-reductase inhibitors”. Steroids75 (2): 109–53. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2009.10.005PMID 19879888S2CID 44363501.
  69. Jump up to:a b c d Azzouni F, Godoy A, Li Y, Mohler J (2012). “The 5 alpha-reductase isozyme family: a review of basic biology and their role in human diseases”Adv Urol2012: 1–18. doi:10.1155/2012/530121PMC 3253436PMID 22235201.
  70. ^ Preedy VR (2012). Handbook of Hair in Health and Disease. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 89–. ISBN 978-90-8686-728-8.
  71. ^ Wu JJ (18 October 2012). Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 361–. ISBN 978-1-4557-3801-4.
  72. ^ Clapauch R, Weiss RV, Rech CM (2017). “Testosterone and Women”. Testosterone. pp. 319–351. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46086-4_17ISBN 978-3-319-46084-0Finasteride is not actually an antiandrogen but a 5α-reductase inhibitor.
  73. ^ Bartsch G, Rittmaster RS, Klocker H (April 2000). “Dihydrotestosterone and the concept of 5alpha-reductase inhibition in human benign prostatic hyperplasia”. European Urology37 (4): 367–80. doi:10.1159/000020181PMID 10765065S2CID 25793400.
  74. ^ Kim EH, Brockman JA, Andriole GL (January 2018). “The use of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia”Asian Journal of Urology5 (1): 28–32. doi:10.1016/j.ajur.2017.11.005PMC 5780290PMID 29379733.
  75. ^ Rittmaster RS (January 1994). “Finasteride”. N. Engl. J. Med330 (2): 120–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199401133300208PMID 7505051.
  76. Jump up to:a b Libecco JF, Bergfeld WF (April 2004). “Finasteride in the treatment of alopecia”. Expert Opin Pharmacother5 (4): 933–40. doi:10.1517/14656566.5.4.933PMID 15102575S2CID 24296644.
  77. ^ Shapiro J, Kaufman KD (June 2003). “Use of finasteride in the treatment of men with androgenetic alopecia (male pattern hair loss)”J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc8 (1): 20–3. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12167.xPMID 12894990.
  78. Jump up to:a b Drury JE, Di Costanzo L, Penning TM, Christianson DW (July 2009). “Inhibition of human steroid 5beta-reductase (AKR1D1) by finasteride and structure of the enzyme-inhibitor complex”The Journal of Biological Chemistry284 (30): 19786–90. doi:10.1074/jbc.C109.016931PMC 2740403PMID 19515843.
  79. ^ Bostwick DG, Cheng L (24 January 2014). Urologic Surgical Pathology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 402–. ISBN 978-0-323-08619-6.
  80. ^ Robaire B, Henderson NA (May 2006). “Actions of 5alpha-reductase inhibitors on the epididymis”. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology250 (1–2): 190–5. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2005.12.044PMID 16476520S2CID 53464391.
  81. ^ Finn DA, Beadles-Bohling AS, Beckley EH, Ford MM, Gililland KR, Gorin-Meyer RE, Wiren KM (2006). “A new look at the 5alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride”CNS Drug Reviews12 (1): 53–76. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2006.00053.xPMC 6741762PMID 16834758.
  82. ^ Römer B, Gass P (December 2010). “Finasteride-induced depression: new insights into possible pathomechanisms”Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology9 (4): 331–2. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2010.00533.xPMID 21122055S2CID 24328589.
  83. ^ Gunn BG, Brown AR, Lambert JJ, Belelli D (2011). “Neurosteroids and GABA(A) Receptor Interactions: A Focus on Stress”Frontiers in Neuroscience5: 131. doi:10.3389/fnins.2011.00131PMC 3230140PMID 22164129.
  84. ^ Traish AM, Hassani J, Guay AT, Zitzmann M, Hansen ML (March 2011). “Adverse side effects of 5α-reductase inhibitors therapy: persistent diminished libido and erectile dysfunction and depression in a subset of patients”. J Sex Med8 (3): 872–84. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02157.xPMID 21176115.
  85. ^ Dusková M, Hill M, Hanus M, Matousková M, Stárka L (2009). “Finasteride treatment and neuroactive steroid formation”. Prague Med Rep110 (3): 222–30. PMID 19655698.
  86. ^ Dušková M, Hill M, Stárka L (January 2010). “The influence of low dose finasteride, a type II 5α-reductase inhibitor, on circulating neuroactive steroids”. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig1 (2): 95–102. doi:10.1515/HMBCI.2010.010PMID 25961975S2CID 28578077.
  87. ^ Reddy DS (2003). “Pharmacology of endogenous neuroactive steroids”. Crit Rev Neurobiol15 (3–4): 197–234. doi:10.1615/critrevneurobiol.v15.i34.20PMID 15248811.
  88. ^ Tian G, Stuart JD, Moss ML, Domanico PL, Bramson HN, Patel IR, Kadwell SH, Overton LK, Kost TA, Mook RA (1994). “17 beta-(N-tert-butylcarbamoyl)-4-aza-5 alpha-androstan-1-en-3-one is an active site-directed slow time-dependent inhibitor of human steroid 5 alpha-reductase 1”. Biochemistry33 (8): 2291–6. doi:10.1021/bi00174a041PMID 8117686.
  89. ^ Azeem A, Khan ZI, Aqil M, Ahmad FJ, Khar RK, Talegaonkar S (May 2009). “Microemulsions as a surrogate carrier for dermal drug delivery”. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy35 (5): 525–47. doi:10.1080/03639040802448646PMID 19016057S2CID 205563538.
  90. ^ Hamilton J (1942). “Male hormone stimulation is prerequisite and an incitant in common baldness”. American Journal of Anatomy71 (3): 451–480. doi:10.1002/aja.1000710306.
  91. ^ “The extraordinary case of the Guevedoces”BBC News. 20 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  92. ^ Imperato-McGinley J, Guerrero L, Gautier T, Peterson RE (December 1974). “Steroid 5alpha-reductase deficiency in man: an inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism”. Science186 (4170): 1213–5. Bibcode:1974Sci…186.1213Idoi:10.1126/science.186.4170.1213PMID 4432067S2CID 36427689.
  93. ^ Isfort AH, Emerick JE, Paz RA (11 November 2016). “5-Alpha-Reductase Deficiency”WebMD. News & Perspective Drugs & Diseases CME & Education Academy Consult, Drugs & Diseases > Pediatrics: General Medicine.
  94. ^ Freudenheim M (16 February 1992). “Keeping the Pipeline Filled at Merck”The New York Times.
  95. ^ Cordes EH (2014). Hallelujah Moments: Tales of Drug Discovery. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199337149.
  96. ^ “Past Inventor of the Year Award Winners”ipoef.org. Intellectual Property Owners Education Foundation. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  97. ^ Burger A, Abraham DJ (20 February 2003). Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Autocoids, Diagnostics, and Drugs from New Biology. Wiley. p. 439. ISBN 978-0-471-37030-7.
  98. ^ Doherty AM (2003). Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry. Academic Press. pp. 353–. ISBN 978-0-12-040538-1.
  99. ^ Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Tolis G, Duleba AJ (1995). “Androgens and therapeutic aspects of antiandrogens in women”. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig2 (4): 577–92. doi:10.1177/107155769500200401PMID 9420861S2CID 32242838.
  100. Jump up to:a b Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. p. 443. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
  101. Jump up to:a b Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 121–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1.
  102. Jump up to:a b Bycroft BW, Payne DJ (9 August 2013). Dictionary of Antibiotics and Related Substances: with CD-ROM, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 816–. ISBN 978-1-4822-8215-3.
  103. Jump up to:a b c d “Finasteride”.
  104. ^ “Primary Patent Expirations for Selected High Revenue Drugs”RxNews. Prescription Solutions. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008.
  105. ^ FDA. “Patent Expiration for Propecia”Orange Book: Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations.
  106. ^ Sandomir R (19 January 2006). “Skin Deep; Fighting Baldness, and Now an Olympic Ban”The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  107. Jump up to:a b Staff (28 October 2008). “WADA removes Finasteride from ban list”The Australian.
  108. ^ Staff (9 October 2008). “WADA takes Romario’s drug off banned list”Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  109. ^ “Deferral of Blood and Plasma donors – Medications” (PDF). FDA. 28 July 1993. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  110. ^ “Anti-Androgens – Joint United Kingdom Blood Transfusion and Tissue Transplantation Services Professional Advisory Committee”www.transfusionguidelines.org. 1 June 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  111. Jump up to:a b Lee SW, Juhasz M, Mobasher P, Ekelem C, Mesinkovska NA (April 2018). “A Systematic Review of Topical Finasteride in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia in Men and Women”Journal of Drugs in Dermatology17 (4): 457–463. PMC 6609098PMID 29601622.
  112. Jump up to:a b Marks DH, Prasad S, De Souza B, Burns LJ, Senna MM (April 2020). “Topical Antiandrogen Therapies for Androgenetic Alopecia and Acne Vulgaris”. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology21 (2): 245–254. doi:10.1007/s40257-019-00493-zPMID 31832993S2CID 209331373.
  113. ^ Danby FW (27 January 2015). Acne: Causes and Practical Management. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-1-118-23277-4.
  114. Jump up to:a b Marchetti PM, Barth JH (March 2013). “Clinical biochemistry of dihydrotestosterone”. Ann. Clin. Biochem50 (Pt 2): 95–107. doi:10.1258/acb.2012.012159PMID 23431485S2CID 8325257.
  115. Jump up to:a b c Hu AC, Chapman LW, Mesinkovska NA (January 2019). “The efficacy and use of finasteride in women: a systematic review”. Int. J. Dermatol58 (7): 759–776. doi:10.1111/ijd.14370PMID 30604525S2CID 58555908.
  116. ^ Alikhan A, Lynch PJ, Eisen DB (April 2009). “Hidradenitis suppurativa: a comprehensive review”. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol60 (4): 539–61, quiz 562–3. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.11.911PMID 19293006.
  117. ^ Riis PT, Ring HC, Themstrup L, Jemec GB (December 2016). “The Role of Androgens and Estrogens in Hidradenitis Suppurativa – A Systematic Review”. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat24 (4): 239–249. PMID 28128074.
  118. ^ Nomani H, Mohammadpour AH, Moallem SM, YazdanAbad MJ, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A (December 2019). “Anti-androgen drugs in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review”. Curr Med Chem27 (40): 6825–6836. doi:10.2174/0929867326666191209142209PMID 31814547S2CID 208956450.